Huku ndiyo nyama yakawanda kwazvo inogadzirwa uye inodyiwa pasi rose. Inenge 70% yehuku yepasi rose inobva kumabroiler enyama ane feather white. Huku ndiyo nyama yechipiri pakukura muChina. Huku muChina inonyanya kubva kumabroiler ane feather white nenyama dzine feather yellow. Mupiro webroilers dzine feather white mukugadzirwa kwehuku muChina ungangoita 45%, uye webroilers dzine feather yellow ungangoita 38%.

Mhuka dzemombe dzine mapapiro machena ndidzo dzine huwandu hwakaderera hwechikafu nenyama, huwandu hwakanyanya hwekuberekesa mhuka dzakawanda uye huwandu hwakanyanya hwekuvimba nekunze. Mhando dzemhuka dzine mapapiro emhando yeYellow feathered dzinoshandiswa mukugadzira mhuka dzerudzi rweChina dzese dzinozviberekesa, uye huwandu hwemhando dzinorimwa ndidzo dzakakura pakati pemhando dzese dzezvipfuyo nehuku, inova muenzaniso wakabudirira wekushandura mukana wezviwanikwa zvemhuka dzemuno kuita mukana wezvigadzirwa.

1. Nhoroondo yekukura kwemarudzi ehuku

Huku dzemumba dzakachengetwa nemhuka dzemusango dzeAsia makore 7000-10000 apfuura, uye nhoroondo yekuchengetwa kwadzo inogona kuteverwa kusvika kumakore anopfuura 1000 BC. Huku dzemumba dzakafanana nehuku yepakutanga muchimiro chemuviri, ruvara rweminhenga, rwiyo nezvimwewo. Zvidzidzo zveCytogenetic uye morphological zvakaratidza kuti huku yekutanga ndiyo tateguru wehuku dzemumba dzemazuva ano. Kune mhando ina dzerudzi rweGallinula, idzo dziri tsvuku (Gallus gallus, Mufananidzo 3), kora yegirini (Gallus dzakasiyana-siyana), black tailed (Gallus lafayetii) uye Gray Striped (Gallus sonnerati). Kune maonero maviri akasiyana pamusoro pekwakabva huku yemumba kubva kuku yepakutanga: dzidziso yekwakabva imwe chete inoti huku yepakutanga inogona kuchengetwa kamwe chete kana kupfuura; Zvichienderana nedzidziso yekwakabva kwakasiyana-siyana, kuwedzera kune shiri dzemusango tsvuku, dzimwe shiri dzemusango ndidzowo madzitateguru ehuku dzemumba. Parizvino, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvinotsigira dzidziso yekwakabva imwe chete, kureva kuti, huku yemumba yakabva kushiri dzemusango tsvuku.

 

(1) Maitiro ekuberekesa huku dzekunze

Makore ekuma1930 asati asvika, kusarudzwa kwemapoka uye kurimwa kwemarudzi akasiyana kwakaitwa. Vanhu vakuru vaisarudzwa vaive mabudiro ekugadzira mazai, huku yaive yakabva kune imwe mhando, uye kuberekeswa kwehuku kwaive muenzaniso wehupfumi wemudare. Nekugadzirwa kwebhokisi remazai rinozvivhara muma1930, mabudiro ekugadzira mazai akasarudzwa zvichienderana nerekodhi yekugadzirwa kwemazai ega ega; Mumakore ekuma1930-50, vachishandisa tekinoroji yehybrid yechibage sereferensi, heterosis yakaunzwa mukuberekesa huku, iyo yakakurumidza kutsiva kuberekesa kwemutsara wakachena, uye yakava chinhu chikuru chekugadzirwa kwehuku dzekutengeserana. Nzira dzekufananidza dzekusanganisa dzakakura zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pakusanganiswa kwekutanga kwemarudzi maviri kusvika pakufananidza kweternary neQuaternary. Kushanda kwekusarudza kwemavara ane nhaka shoma uye yakaderera kwakavandudzika mushure mekunge kurekodha marudzi akasiyana kwatanga muma1940, uye kudzikira kwekuberekesa kwakakonzerwa nehama dzepedyo kwaigona kudzivirirwa. Mushure ma1945, bvunzo dzesampuro dzakangoerekana dzaitwa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzechitatu kana nzvimbo dzekuyedza muEurope neAmerica. Chinangwa chaive chekuongorora mhando dzemhuka dzaive dzichitora chikamu muongororo pasi pemamiriro akafanana enzvimbo, uye dzakaita basa guru mukuvandudza musika wemhando dzakanaka kwazvo nekushanda zvakanaka. Basa rekuyeresa mashandiro akadaro rakagumiswa muma1970. Muma1960-1980, kusarudzwa kukuru kwezvinhu zviri nyore kuyera, zvakaita sekugadzirwa kwemazai, mwero wekuchekwa kwembeu, mwero wekukura uye mwero wekushandurwa kwechikafu, kwainyanya kuitwa nehuku yemapfupa uye kushandiswa kwemhuri. Kuongororwa kwemwero wekushandurwa kwechikafu kubva kuma1980 kwave nebasa rakananga mukuderedza kudyiwa kwechikafu chemombe uye kuvandudza mwero wekushandiswa kwechikafu. Kubva kuma1990, hunhu hwekugadzirisa hwave huchitariswa, hwakadai sehuremu hwebhuru uye huremu hwemapfupa husina mapfupa. Kushandiswa kwenzira dzekuongorora majini dzakadai sekufanotaura kwakanakisa kwemhando isina rusaruro (BLUP) uye kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji yemakombiyuta kunoita basa rakakosha mukukura kwekubereka. Mushure mekupinda muzana remakore rechi21, kubereka kwemombe kwakatanga kufunga nezvemhando yezvigadzirwa uye kugara zvakanaka kwemhuka. Parizvino, tekinoroji yekuberekesa nyama dzemombe dzinoberekeswa nemasero emhuka inomiririrwa nesarudzo yakakura yegenome (GS) iri kuchinja kubva pakutsvagisa nekugadzira kuenda pakuishandisa.

(2) Maitiro ekuberekesa Broiler muChina

Pakati pezana remakore rechi19, huku dzemuno muChina dzaive dziri pamberi pasi rose mukukanda mazai nekugadzira nyama. Semuenzaniso, kuunzwa kwehuku yemugomo yeWolf Mountain neHuku yeYellow yeNine Jin kubva kuJiangsu neShanghai muChina, ndokuzobva kuUK kuenda kuUnited States, mushure mekubereka, yave kuzivikanwa semhando dzakajairika munyika dzese dziri mbiri. Huku yeLangshan inoonekwa semhando inoshandiswa kaviri, uye huku yeYellow yeNine Jin inoonekwa semhando yenyama. Mhando idzi dzine simba guru pakuumbwa kwemhando dzezvipfuyo nehuku dzinozivikanwa pasi rose, dzakadai seBritish Oppington neAustralian Black Australia dzakaunza hukama hweropa hwehuku yeWolf Mountain muChina. Rockcock, Luodao red nedzimwe mhando dzinotorawo huku yeYellow yeNine Jin sezvinhu zvekuberekesa. Kubva pakupera kwezana remakore rechi19 kusvika kuma1930, mazai nehuku zvinhu zvakakosha zvekutengesera kunze kwenyika muChina. Asi munguva refu inotevera, indasitiri yekurera huku muChina inoramba iri padanho rakakura rekurera, uye huwandu hwekugadzira huku huri kure nedanho repamusoro pasi rose. Pakati pemakore ekuma1960, mhando nhatu dzehuku dzemuno dzeHuiyang, huku yeQingyuan hemp nehuku yeShiqi dzakasarudzwa sezvinhu zvikuru zvekuvandudza muHong Kong. Mhando iyi yehuku yakagadzirwa nekushandisa Han Xia itsva, bailoc, baikonish nehabad kuberekesa huku yeShiqi hybrid, iyo yakaita basa guru mukugadzirwa nekudya kwehuku dzeHong Kong. Kubva kuma1970 kusvika kuma1980, huku yeShiqi hybrid yakaunzwa kuGuangdong neGuangxi, uye yakasanganiswa nehuku chena dzakareruka, ichigadzira huku yeShiqi hybrid yakagadziriswa uye yakapararira zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa. Kubva kuma1960 kusvika kuma1980, takashandisa mhando yehuku yehybrid uye kusarudzwa kwemhuri kurima huku itsva yemakomo yewolf, huku yeXinpu East nehuku yeXinyangzhou. Kubva muna 1983 kusvika 2015, mabhuru emhando yeyellow feather akatanga kushandisa nzira yekuberekesa kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba, uye akashandisa zvizere mutsauko uripo pakati pemamiriro ekunze, chikafu, vashandi uye tekinoroji yekuberekesa pakati pekuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba, uye akarera huku dzevabereki munzvimbo dzekuchamhembe dzeHenan, Shanxi neShaanxi. Mazai ekutengesa akatakurwa kudzokera kumaodzanyemba kuti anochengetedzwa nekurerwa, izvo zvakavandudza kushanda kwekugadzira mabhuru emhando yeyellow feather. Kuberekesa kwakarongeka kwebhuru reyellow feather kwakatanga mukupera kwema1980. Kuunzwa kwemajini ane recessive beneficial akadai se low and small grain saving genes (DW gene) uye recessive white feather gene zvakaita basa guru mukuberekesa mabhuru emhando yeyellow feather muChina. Inenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemarudzi eYellow Feather Broiler muChina akashandisa nzira idzi. Muna 1986, kambani yekuvandudza huku yeGuangzhou Baiyun yakaunza recessive white neShiqi hybrid huku kuti ibereke mabhuru emhando yeyellow feather 882. Muna 1999, Shenzhen kangdal (Group) Co., Ltd. yakabereka mhando yekutanga yebhurugwa reyellow feather 128 (Mufananidzo 4) rakatenderwa nehurumende. Mushure meizvozvo, kurimwa kwerudzi rutsva rweYellow Feather Broiler muChina kwakapinda munguva yekukura nekukurumidza. Kuti igadzirise kuongororwa nekubvumidzwa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzehuku, Poultry Quality Supervision and inspection and Testing Center (Yangzhou) yeMinistry of Agriculture and rural areas (Beijing) yakavambwa muna 1998 na2003 zvichiteerana, uye ndiyo yaive nebasa rekuyera mashandiro ekugadzirwa kwehuku munyika.

 

2、 Kuvandudzwa kwekuberekesa huku dzemazuva ano kumba nekune dzimwe nyika

(1) Kubudirira kwekunze kwenyika

Kubva kuma1950 ekupedzisira, kufambira mberi kwekuberekesa magene kwakaisa hwaro hwekuburitsa huku dzemazuva ano, kwakasimudzira hunyanzvi hwekugadzira mazai nehuku, uye kugadzira mabroiler kwave indasitiri yehuku yakazvimirira. Mumakore makumi masere apfuura, nyika dzeNorth America neWestern Europe dzakaita kuberekesa magene nenzira yakarongeka kuti huku dzikure, dzichiwana chikafu uye dzichigadzira nyama yehuku, dzichigadzira mhando dzemabroiler ane feathered white feathered uye dzichikurumidza kutora musika wepasi rose. Rudzi rwechirume rwemabroiler ane feathered white yemazuva ano ihuku yeCornish chena, uye rudzi rwechikadzi ihuku yePlymouth Rock chena. Heterosis inogadzirwa nekuberekesa kwakarongeka. Parizvino, kusanganisira China, mhando huru dzinoshandiswa mukugadzira mabroiler ane feathered white pasi rose ndiAA+, Ross, Cobb, Hubbard nedzimwe mhando shoma, dzinobva kuaviagen neCobb vantress zvakateerana. Mabroiler ane feathered white ane system yakakura uye yakakwana yekuberekesa, ichigadzira chimiro chepiramidhi chine boka guru rekuberekesa, vanasekuru vakuru, vanasekuru, vabereki nehuku dzekutengesa. Zvinotora makore 4-5 kuti kufambira mberi kwemajini eboka guru remhuka dzipfuure kuenda kuhuku dzekutengesa (Mufananidzo 5). Huku imwe chete inogona kubereka huku dzinotengeswa dzinopfuura mamiriyoni matatu uye matani anopfuura 5000 ehuku. Parizvino, pasi rose rinoburitsa maseti anosvika mamiriyoni gumi nerimwe nehafu evanasekuru vanoberekesa shiri dzemhando yewhite feathered broiler, maseti anosvika mamiriyoni mazana matanhatu evana vanoberekesa shiri uye mabhiriyoni makumi masere ehuku dzekutengesa gore rega rega.

 

3, Matambudziko uye mipata

（1） Kuberekesa huku dzenyama dzine minhenga chena

Zvichienzaniswa nedanho repamusoro renyika dzekuberekesa huku dzerudzi rwewhite feathered broiler, nguva yekuberekesa huku dzerudzi rwewhite feathered broiler dzakazvimiririra muChina ipfupi, hwaro hwekuunganidzwa kwemajini emhando yepamusoro hwakaderera, kushandiswa kwetekinoroji itsva dzakadai sekuberekesa huku dzemhando yemolecule hakuna kukwana, uye pane musiyano mukuru mukutsvagisa nekuvandudza tekinoroji yekuchenesa chirwere uye zvigadzirwa zvekuongorora. Ruzivo rwacho nderwekuti: 1. Makambani emarudzi akawanda ane mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzakanaka dzinokura nekukurumidza uye huwandu hwekugadzira nyama hwakawanda, uye kuburikidza nekubatanidzwa nekugadzirisa makambani ekuberekesa akadai sehuku dzehuku nedzemhando yelayers, zvinhu nemajini zvinowedzera kupfuma, izvo zvinopa vimbiso yekuberekesa mhando itsva; Zviwanikwa zvekuberekesa huku dzerudzi rwewhite feathered broiler muChina zvine hwaro husina kusimba uye zvinhu zvishoma zvekuberekesa zvakanaka.

2. Tekinoroji yekuberekesa. Kana tichienzanisa nemakambani epasi rose ane ruzivo rwemakore anopfuura zana ekuberekesa, kuberekesa huku dzemombe dzine minhenga chena muChina kwakatanga kunonoka, uye pane musiyano mukuru pakati pekutsvagisa nekushandiswa kwetekinoroji yekuberekesa yakaenzana pakati pekukura nekuberekesa uye nhanho yepamusoro yepasi rose. Dhigirii rekushandisa matekinoroji matsva akadai sekuberekesa majini harisi rakakwirira; Kushaikwa kwetekinoroji yepamusoro yekuyera yakangwara, kuunganidza data otomatiki uye dhigirii rekushandisa kutumira data rakaderera.

3. Tekinoroji yekuchenesa zvirwere zvechinyakare. Makambani makuru ekuberekesa huku pasi rose akatora matanho anoshanda ekuchenesa zvirwere zvinotapuriranwa zvechinyakare zvechinyakare, pullorum nedzimwe mhuka, zvichivandudza zvakanyanya kukwikwidzana kwezvigadzirwa. Kucheneswa kwechinyakare chechinyakare nepullorum inyaya pfupi inotadzisa kufambira mberi kweindasitiri yekuberekesa huku muChina, uye michina yekuona inoenderana zvakanyanya nezvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika.

（2） Kuberekesa huku dzerudzi rweyero minhenga

Kuberekesa nekugadzira huku dzerudzi rweyellow feathered broiler muChina kuri pamberi pasi rose. Zvisinei, huwandu hwemakambani ekuberekesa hwakakura, huwandu hwacho hauna kuenzana, simba rehunyanzvi rose harina kusimba, kushandiswa kwetekinoroji yepamusoro yekuberekesa hakuna kukwana, uye nzvimbo dzekuberekesa nemidziyo zviri kumashure zvishoma; Kune mwero wakati wekuti huku dzinoberekesa dzinodzokororwa, uye kune mhando shoma dzemhando huru dzine hunhu hwakajeka, mashandiro akanaka uye mugove mukuru wemusika; Kwenguva yakareba, chinangwa chekuberekesa ndechekugadzirisa hukama hwekutengesa huku mhenyu, senge ruvara rweminhenga, chimiro chemuviri uye chitarisiko, izvo zvisingakwanise kusangana nezvinodiwa nemusika zvekuurawa kwepakati uye zvigadzirwa zvinotonhorera pasi pemamiriro matsva.

Kune mhando dzakawanda dzehuku dzemuno muChina, idzo dzakagadzira hunhu hwakawanda hwakanaka hwemajini pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu enguva refu uye akaomarara ezvakatipoteredza uye ehupfumi. Zvisinei, kwenguva yakareba, hapana tsvakurudzo yakadzama pamusoro pehunhu hwezviwanikwa zve germplasm, kuferefeta nekuongorora zviwanikwa zvemhando dzakasiyana hazvina kukwana, uye ongororo nekuongorora hazvina rutsigiro rwakakwana rweruzivo. Pamusoro pezvo, kuvaka sisitimu yekutarisa inochinja-chinja yezviwanikwa zvemhando dzakasiyana hakuna kukwana, uye kuongororwa kwehunhu hwezviwanikwa zvine simba, goho rakakura uye mhando yepamusoro yezviwanikwa zvemajini hakuna kukwana uye kwakarongeka, izvo zvinotungamira kushomeka kukuru kwekuchera nekushandisa hunhu hwakanaka hwemhando dzemuno, zvinokanganisa maitiro ekudzivirira, kusimudzira nekushandisa zviwanikwa zvemajini zvemuno, uye zvinokanganisa huwandu hwekugadzirwa kweindasitiri yehuku muChina Kukwikwidzana kwemusika kwezvigadzirwa zvehuku uye kusimudzira indasitiri yehuku kwenguva refu.