Muzhizha, zvinomera zvinosangana nematambudziko akawanda akadai sekushisa kwepamusoro, chiedza chakasimba, kusanaya kwemvura (kunetseka kwemvura), uye oxidative stress. Betaine, seyakakosha osmotic regulator uye inodzivirira inoenderana solute, inoita basa rakakosha mukupokana kwezvirimwa kune izvi zvinonetsa zvezhizha. Mabasa ayo makuru anosanganisira:

1. Permeation regulation:
Chengetedza cell turgor pressure:

Kupisa kwakanyanya uye kusanaya kwemvura kunoita kuti zvidyarwa zvirasikirwe nemvura, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwe cytoplasmic osmotic kugona (kuve denser), izvo zvinokonzeresa kupera simba uye kupera kwemaseru kubva kune akapoteredzwa vacuoles kana sero madziro ane akasimba ekunyudza mvura. Betaine inounganidza yakawanda mu cytoplasm, inobudirira kuderedza simba re osmotic ye cytoplasm, kubatsira masero kuchengetedza high turgor pressure, nokudaro kudzivisa kupera uye kuchengetedza kutendeseka kwemaitiro emasero uye basa.

Balanced vacuolar osmotic pressure:

Iyo yakawanda yeinorganic ions (yakadai seK ⁺, Cl ⁻, nezvimwewo) inounganidza muvhavha kuchengetedza osmotic pressure. Betaine inonyanya kuwanikwa mu cytoplasm, uye kuunganidza kwayo kunobatsira kuenzanisa iyo osmotic pressure musiyano pakati pe cytoplasm uye vacuoles, kudzivirira kukanganisa kwe cytoplasm nekuda kwekunyanyisa kupera mvura.

2. Kudzivirira biomolecules:
Yakagadzikana mapuroteni chimiro:

Kupisa kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera nyore mapuroteni denaturation uye kusashanda. Betaine mamorekuru anotakura zvakanaka uye zvakaipa machaji (zwitterionic) uye anogona kudzikamisa maumbirwo echisikigo emapuroteni kuburikidza nehydrogen bonding uye hydration, kudzivirira kukanganisa, kuunganidza, kana denaturation pakupisa kwakanyanya. Izvi zvakakosha pakuchengetedza enzyme, mapuroteni akakosha muphotosynthesis, uye mabasa emamwe mapuroteni emetabolic.

Dziviriro yefirimu system:

Kupisa kwakanyanya uye reactive okisijeni marudzi anogona kukuvadza iyo lipid bilayer chimiro chesero membranes (senge thylakoid membranes uye plasma membranes), zvichitungamira kune isina kujairika membrane fluidity, kuvuza, uye kunyange kuparara. Betaine inogona kudzikamisa membrane chimiro, kuchengetedza yakajairika fluidity uye kusarudza permeability, uye kudzivirira kutendeseka kwephotosynthetic nhengo uye organelles.

3. Antioxidant kudzivirira:
Chengetedza osmotic chiyero uye kuderedza kukuvara kwechipiri kunokonzerwa nekushushikana.

Gadzirisa chimiro uye chiitiko cheantioxidant enzymes (senge superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, nezvimwewo), wedzera kushanda kwechirimwa chega chekudzivirira antioxidant system, uye zvisina kunanga kubatsira kujekesa reactive oxygen marudzi.
Kubviswa kwakananga kweanoshanda oksijeni marudzi:

Chiedza chezuva chakasimba uye tembiricha yakakwira muzhizha inogona kukurudzira kugadzirwa kwemhando dzakawanda dzeokisijeni dzinoshanda muzvirimwa, zvichikonzera kukuvara kweoxidative. Kunyangwe betaine pachayo isiri yakasimba antioxidant, inogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza ne:

4. Kudzivirira photosynthesis:
Kupisa kwepamusoro uye kushushikana kwakasimba kwechiedza kunokonzera kukuvadza kwakakura kune yakakosha mashini yephotosynthesis, photosystem II. Betaine inogona kuchengetedza thylakoid membrane, kuchengetedza kugadzikana kweiyo photosystem II yakaoma, kuve nechokwadi chekushanda kwakanaka kweketani yekutakura maelectron, uye kuderedza photoinhibition yephotosynthesis.

5. Semupiro wemethyl:

Betaine ndeimwe yevakakosha vanopa methyl mune zvipenyu, inobatanidzwa mukutenderera methionine. Pasi pemamiriro ekushushikana, inogona kutora chikamu mune synthesis kana metabolic regulation yeimwe kusagadzikana inopindura zvinhu nekupa methyl mapoka.

Muchidimbu, munguva yezhizha rinopisa, basa rekutanga re betaine pamiti nderokuti:

Kuchengetedza mvura uye kusanaya kwemvura:kurwisa kupera mvura mumuviri kuburikidza ne osmotic regulation.
Kudzivirira kupisa kupisa:inodzivirira mapuroteni, ma enzymes, uye maseru membranes kubva mukukuvadzwa kwakanyanya kwekushisa.

Kuramba kune oxidation:inowedzera antioxidant simba uye inoderedza photooxidative kukuvara.
Chengetedza photosynthesis:chengetedza nhengo dzephotosynthetic uye chengetedza simba rekupa simba.

Naizvozvo, kana zvidyarwa zvaona zviratidzo zvekushushikana senge tembiricha yakanyanya uye kusanaya kwemvura, vanomisikidza iyo betaine synthesis nzira (kunyanya kuburikidza nenhanho mbiri oxidation yecholine mumakloroplasts), vanoshingairira kuunganidza betaine kuti vawedzere kusagadzikana kwavo kuramba uye kuvandudza kugona kwavo kurarama munzvimbo dzakaoma dzezhizha. Zvimwe zvirimwa zvinorega kusanaya kwemvura uye munyu (zvakadai seshuga beet pachavo, sipinashi, gorosi, bhari, nezvimwewo) zvine simba rakasimba rekuunganidza betaine.

Mukugadzirwa kwekurima, kupfapfaidza kwekunze kwebetaine kunoshandiswawo sebiostimulant kuwedzera kurwisa kwezvirimwa (sechibage, madomasi, chili, nezvimwewo) kusvika muzhizha tembiricha yakanyanya uye kusanaya kwemvura.