Muzhizha, zvirimwa zvinosangana nekumanikidzwa kwakasiyana-siyana kwakadai sekupisa kwakanyanya, chiedza chakasimba, kusanaya kwemvura (kumanikidzwa kwemvura), uye kumanikidzwa kwe oxidative. Betaine, semutongi we osmotic akakosha uye solute inodzivirira, inoita basa rakakosha mukudzivirira kwezvirimwa kumatambudziko aya ezhizha. Mabasa ayo makuru anosanganisira:

1. Mutemo wekuyerera kwemvura:
Chengetedza kumanikidzwa kwemasero e turgor:

Kupisa kwakanyanya uye kusanaya kwemvura zvinoita kuti zvirimwa zvirasikirwe nemvura, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwesimba re cytoplasmic osmotic potential (kuva dense), izvo zvinokonzeresa nyore nyore kupera mvura mumuviri uye kusvava kwemasero kubva muma vacuoles akapoteredza kana madziro emasero ane simba rakasimba rekupinza mvura. Betaine inoungana yakawanda mu cytoplasm, zvichideredza simba re osmotic re cytoplasm, zvichibatsira masero kuchengetedza kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kwe turgor, nokudaro zvichidzivisa kupera mvura mumuviri uye kuchengetedza kusimba kwechimiro chemasero uye mashandiro awo.

Kumanikidzwa kwe osmotic ye vacuolar kwakaringana:

MaIon akawanda asina kugadzirwa (akadai seK⁺, Cl⁻, nezvimwewo) anoungana muvacuole kuti arambe aine osmotic pressure. Betaine inonyanya kuwanikwa mu cytoplasm, uye kuunganidzwa kwayo kunobatsira kuenzana kwemusiyano we osmotic pressure pakati pe cytoplasm nema vacuole, zvichidzivirira kukuvara kwe cytoplasm nekuda kwekushaya mvura yakawanda mumuviri.

2. Kudzivirira mamorekuru emuviri:
Maumbirwo eprotein yakagadzikana:

Kupisa kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera protein denaturation uye inactivation. Mamorekuru eBetaine ane positive ne negative charges (zwitterionic) uye anogona kudzikamisa chimiro chechisikigo chemapuroteni kuburikidza nehydrogen bonding uye hydration, kudzivirira mispelt, aggregation, kana denaturation pakupisa kwakanyanya. Izvi zvakakosha pakuchengetedza enzyme activity, mapuroteni akakosha mu photosynthesis, uye mashandiro emamwe mapuroteni e metabolic.

Sisitimu yekudzivirira mafirimu:

Kupisa kwakanyanya uye oxygen inogona kukanganisa chimiro che lipid bilayer ye membrane yemasero (senge thylakoid membranes uye plasma membranes), zvichikonzera kuyerera kwe membrane kusingawanzoitiki, kubuda kwemvura, uye kutoparara. Betaine inogona kudzikamisa chimiro che membrane, kuchengetedza kuyerera kwayo kwakajairika uye kupenya kwemvura, uye kuchengetedza kusimba kwenhengo dze photosynthetic uye organelles.

3. Dziviriro yeAntioxidant:
Chengetedza chiyero che osmotic uye kuderedza kukuvara kwechipiri kunokonzerwa nekushushikana.

Kudzikamisa chimiro uye mashandiro ema enzymes e antioxidant (akadai se superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, nezvimwewo), kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka kwesystem yekudzivirira antioxidant yechirimwa, uye kubatsira nenzira isina kunanga kubvisa mhando dzeoxygen dzinoita reactive.
Kubviswa kwemhando dzeokisijeni dzinoshanda zvisina kunanga:

Zuva rakasimba uye tembiricha yakakwira muzhizha zvinogona kukonzera kugadzirwa kwemhando dzakawanda dzeokisijeni dzinoshanda mumiti, zvichikonzera kukuvara kweokisijeni. Kunyangwe betaine pachayo isiri antioxidant yakasimba, inogona kuwanikwa kuburikidza ne:

4. Kudzivirira photosynthesis:
Kupisa kwakanyanya uye kushushikana kwakasimba kwechiedza zvinokonzera kukuvara kukuru kunzira ye photosynthesis, photosystem II. Betaine inogona kuchengetedza membrane ye thylakoid, kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwe photosystem II complex, kuve nechokwadi chekuti cheni yekufambisa maerekitironi inoshanda zvakanaka, uye kuderedza kudziviswa kwe photosynthesis.

5. Semupi we methyl:

Betaine ndeimwe yevanopa methyl zvakakosha muzvinhu zvipenyu, inobatanidzwa mukutenderera kwemethionine. Kana iri mumamiriro ekumanikidzwa, inogona kutora chikamu mukugadzirwa kana kudzorwa kwemetabolism yezvimwe zvinhu zvinopindura kushushikana nekupa mapoka emethyl.

Muchidimbu, munguva yezhizha rinopisa, basa guru re betaine pamiti nderekuti:

Kuchengetwa kwemvura uye kuramba kusanaya kwemvura:kurwisa kupera mvura mumuviri kuburikidza nemutemo we osmotic.
Dziviriro yekudzivirira kupisa:inodzivirira mapuroteni, ma enzyme, uye membrane yemasero kubva mukukuvadzwa kwakanyanya kwekupisa.

Kuramba kuoxidation:inowedzera kugona kweantioxidant uye inoderedza kukuvara kwephotooxidative.
Chengetedza photosynthesis:chengetedza nhengo dzinogadzira photosynthesis uye chengetedza simba rakawanda.

Saka, kana zvirimwa zvikaona zviratidzo zvekushushikana zvakaita sekupisa kwakanyanya uye kusanaya kwemvura, zvinomutsa nzira yekugadzira betaine (kunyanya kuburikidza ne oxidation ye choline mu chloroplasts), zvinounganidza betaine zvakanyanya kuti zviwedzere kusimbaradza kushushikana uye kuvandudza kugona kwazvo kurarama munzvimbo dzakaoma dzezhizha. Mimwe zvirimwa zvinotsungirira kusanaya kwemvura nemunyu (senge sugar beet pachadzo, sipinachi, gorosi, bhari, nezvimwewo) zvine kugona kwakasimba kwekuunganidza betaine.

Mukurima, kupfapfaidza betaine kunoshandiswawo semushonga wekusimudzira zvirimwa (zvakaita sechibage, domasi, chili, nezvimwewo) kuti zvisanyanya kupisa zvakanyanya uye kuti zvisanyanya kunaya zvakanyanya munguva yezhizha.