Betaine chinhu chinowanika zvakasikwa chinopararira zvakanyanya mumiti nemhuka. Sechinowedzerwa mukudya, chinowanikwa muchimiro cheanhydrous kana hydrochloride. Chinogona kuwedzerwa mukudya kwemhuka kune zvinangwa zvakasiyana-siyana.
Chekutanga, zvinangwa izvi zvinogona kunge zvine chekuita nekugona kwe betaine kupa methyl, iyo inonyanya kuitika muchiropa. Nekuda kwekutamiswa kwemapoka e methyl asina kugadzikana, kugadzirwa kwemakemikari akasiyana-siyana akadai se methionine, carnitine uye creatine kunosimudzirwa. Nenzira iyi, betaine inokanganisa protein, lipid uye simba metabolism, nokudaro ichichinja zvakanaka chimiro chemutumbi.
Chechipiri, chinangwa chekuwedzera betaine muchikafu chinogona kunge chakabatana nebasa rayo senzira yekudzivirira organic penetrant. Mubasa iri, betaine inobatsira masero mumuviri wese kuchengetedza kuenzana kwemvura uye mashandiro emasero, kunyanya panguva yekushushikana. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa ndewemhedzisiro yakanaka ye betaine pamhuka dziri pasi pekumanikidzwa kupisa.
Munguruve, migumisiro yakasiyana-siyana yekuwedzera betaine yakatsanangurwa. Chinyorwa chino chichatarisa basa re betaine sechikafu chinowedzera hutano hwematumbu enguruve dzakarumurwa.
Ongororo dzinoverengeka dze betaine dzakashuma nezvemhedzisiro yekugayiwa kwezvinovaka muviri mu ileum kana nzira yese yekugaya yenguruve. Kuongororwa kwakawanda kwekuwedzera kwekugaya kwe ileal kwe fiber (crude fiber kana neutral uye acid detergent fiber) kunoratidza kuti betaine inokurudzira kuviriswa kwebhakitiriya iripo muura diki, nekuti masero emudumbu haagadzire ma enzymes anoparadza fiber. Chikamu che fiber chemuti chine zvinovaka muviri, zvinogona kuburitswa panguva yekuora kwe fiber iyi.
Saka, kugaya zvakanaka kwechinhu chakaoma uye ash isina kubikwa kwakaonekwawo. Padanho rese rekugaya, zvakanzi vana venguruve vakawedzerwa 800 mg betaine/kg yekudya vane protein isina kubikwa (+6.4%) uye kugaya zvakanaka kwechinhu chakaoma (+4.2%). Pamusoro pezvo, imwe ongororo yakaratidza kuti nekuwedzera 1,250 mg/kg betaine, kugaya kwakanaka kweprotein isina kubikwa (+3.7%) uye ether extract (+6.7%) kwakavandudzika.
Chimwe chikonzero chingangove chekuwedzera kwekugayiwa kwezvinovaka muviri ndiko kushanda kwe betaine pakugadzirwa kwema enzyme. Muongororo yakaitwa munguva pfupi yapfuura pamusoro pekuwedzerwa kwe betaine kuma nguruve dzakarumurwa, kushanda kwema enzymes ekugaya chikafu (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin uye chymotrypsin) mu chyme kwakaongororwa (Mufananidzo 1). Ma enzyme ese kunze kwemaltase akaratidza kuwedzera kwebasa, uye kushanda kwe betaine kwaive kwakanyanya pakudyiwa kwe 2,500 mg betaine/kg kupfuura pa 1,250 mg/kg. Kuwedzera kwebasa kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwema enzyme, kana kuti kungave kuri nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekushanda kwe catalytic kwe enzyme.
Mufananidzo 1-Kushanda kwemaenzayimu ekugaya chikafu mumatumbu enguruve akawedzerwa 0 mg/kg, 1,250 mg/kg kana 2,500 mg/kg betaine.
Mukuyedza kwe in vitro, zvakaratidzwa kuti nekuwedzera NaCl kuti ibudise kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kwe osmotic, mabasa e trypsin ne amylase akadziviswa. Kuwedzera mazinga akasiyana e betaine kubvunzo iyi kwakadzorera simba rekudzivirira reNaCl uye kuwedzera kwemabasa e enzyme. Zvisinei, kana NaCl isina kuwedzerwa mumushonga we buffer, betaine haikanganisi basa re enzyme pahuwandu hwakaderera, asi inoratidza simba rekudzivirira pahuwandu hwakakwira.
Kugayiwa kwenguruve hakungogumiri pakutsanangura kuwedzera kwekukura kwayo uye huwandu hwekuchinja kwekudya kwenguruve dzine betaine yekudya. Kuwedzera betaine mukudya kwenguruve kunoderedzawo simba rekuchengetedza mhuka. Fungidziro yemhedzisiro iyi inoonekwa ndeyekuti kana betaine ikashandiswa kuchengetedza kumanikidzwa kwe osmotic mukati memasero, kudiwa kwemapombi eion kunodzikira, inova nzira inoda simba. Kana simba risingawanikwe zvakakwana, mhedzisiro yekuwedzera betaine inotarisirwa kuratidzwa zvakanyanya nekuwedzera simba rekukura kwete kuchengetedza.
Masero e epithelial ari pamadziro emudumbu anofanira kurarama nemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana e osmotic anokonzerwa nezviri mukati me luminal panguva yekugaya zvinovaka muviri. Panguva imwe chete, masero aya emudumbu anofanira kudzora kuchinjana kwemvura nezvikafu zvakasiyana pakati pe intestine yemudumbu ne plasma. Kuti adzivirire masero kubva mumamiriro ezvinhu aya akaoma, betaine chinhu chakakosha chinopinda mumuviri. Pakutarisa huwandu hwe betaine mumatishu akasiyana, huwandu hwe betaine mumatishu emudumbu hwakakwira zvakanyanya. Pamusoro pezvo, zvakaonekwa kuti mazinga aya anokanganiswa nehuwandu hwe betaine mukudya. Masero akaenzana zvakanaka achave nekuwanda kuri nani uye kugona kuri nani kupora. Nokudaro, vaongorori vakaona kuti kuwedzera huwandu hwe betaine hwenguruve kunowedzera kukwirira kwe duodenal villi uye kudzika kwe ileal crypts, uye villi dzakafanana zvakanyanya.
Mune imwe ongororo, kuwedzera kwehurefu hwevilli mu duodenum, jejunum, uye ileum kwaigona kuonekwa, asi hapana chakaitika pahudzamu hwema crypts. Sezvakataurwa muhuku dzebroiler dzine chirwere checoccidia, kudzivirira kwe betaine pachimiro chemudumbu kunogona kutonyanya kukosha pasi pezvimwe zvinetso (osmotic).
Chidziviriro chemudumbu chinonyanya kuumbwa nemasero epithelial, ayo akabatana nemapuroteni akamanikana. Kusimba kwechidziviriro ichi kwakakosha kudzivirira kupinda kwezvinhu zvinokuvadza uye mabhakitiriya anokonzera hutachiona, izvo zvaizokonzera kuzvimba. Kunguruve, kukanganisa kwakaipa kwechidziviriro chemudumbu kunoonekwa semhedzisiro yekusvibiswa kwemycotoxin muchikafu, kana chimwe chezvikonzero zvakaipa zvekushushikana nekupisa.
Kuti kuyera kukanganiswa kwemhedzisiro yezvipingamupinyi, bvunzo dzemasero mu vitro dzinowanzo shandiswa kuyera transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Nekushandisa betaine, TEER yakavandudzika inogona kuonekwa mukuyedza kwakawanda mu vitro. Kana bhatiri rikasangana nekupisa kwakanyanya (42°C), TEER inoderera (Mufananidzo 2). Kuwedzerwa kwe betaine panzvimbo yekukura kwemasero aya anodziya kwakarwisa kudzikira kweTEER, zvichiratidza kuwedzera kwekudzivirira kupisa.
Mufananidzo 2-Mhedzisiro yekupisa kwakanyanya uye betaine mumasero ekudzivirira transepithelial (TEER) mu in vitro.
Pamusoro pezvo, muchidzidzo chemukati memuviri wenguruve, kuwedzera kwekuratidzwa kwemapuroteni ejoini rakamanikana (occludin, claudin1, uye zonula occludens-1) mujejunum tissue yemhuka dzakagamuchira 1,250 mg/kg betaine kwakayerwa zvichienzaniswa neboka rekutonga. Pamusoro pezvo, sechiratidzo chekukuvadzwa kwemucosal yemudumbu, diamine oxidase activity muplasma yenguruve idzi yakaderedzwa zvakanyanya, zvichiratidza kuti dumbu rakasimba. Apo betaine yakawedzerwa pakudya kwenguruve dziri kukura, kuwedzera kwesimba rekusunga mudumbu kwakayerwa panguva yekuurayiwa.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakabatanidza betaine nehurongwa hwe antioxidant uye zvakatsanangura kudzikira kwema free radicals, kudzikira kwemazinga e malondialdehyde (MDA), uye kuvandudzwa kwebasa re glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).
Betaine haingoshandi semushonga wekudzivirira mhuka chete. Pamusoro pezvo, mabhakitiriya mazhinji anogona kuunganidza betaine kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwedevo kana kutakurwa kubva kunharaunda. Pane zviratidzo zvekuti betaine inogona kuva nemigumisiro yakanaka pahuwandu hwemabhakitiriya ari mudumbu renguruve dzakarumurwa. Huwandu hwemabhakitiriya ese eial, kunyanya bifidobacteria nelactobacilli, hwawedzera. Pamusoro pezvo, huwandu hushoma hweEnterobacter hwakawanikwa mutsvina.
Pakupedzisira, zvakaonekwa kuti betaine inobatsira pahutano hwematumbu enguruve dzakarumurwa kudzikira kwehuwandu hwemanyoka. Izvi zvinogona kuenderana nechiyero: chikafu chinowedzerwa 2,500 mg/kg betaine chinoshanda kupfuura 1,250 mg/kg betaine mukuderedza huwandu hwemanyoka. Zvisinei, kushanda kwenguruve dzakarumurwa pamazinga maviri ekuwedzera kwakafanana. Vamwe vaongorori vakaratidza kuti kana 800 mg/kg ye betaine yawedzerwa, huwandu hwemanyoka munguruve dzakarumurwa hushoma.
Betaine ine pKa yakaderera inosvika 1.8, izvo zvinoita kuti betaine HCl iparare mushure mekunwa, zvichikonzera acidity mudumbu.
Chikafu chinonakidza ndechekuti betaine hydrochloride inogona kuwedzera acidity se betaine. Mukurapa kwevanhu, betaine HCl supplements inowanzo shandiswa pamwe chete nepepsin kutsigira vanhu vane matambudziko emudumbu nekugaya chikafu. Muchiitiko ichi, betaine hydrochloride inogona kushandiswa senzvimbo yakachengeteka yehydrochloric acid. Kunyangwe pasina ruzivo nezvechinhu ichi kana betaine hydrochloride iri muchikafu chenguruve, zvingave zvakakosha zvikuru.
Zvinozivikanwa kuti pH yemuto wemudumbu wenguruve dzakarumurwa inogona kunge yakakwira (pH>4), izvo zvinokanganisa kushanda kwepepsin precursor kune precursor yayo pepsinogen. Kugayiwa kwemapuroteni kwakakodzera hakungokoshi chete kuti mhuka dziwane chikafu ichi chakanaka. Pamusoro pezvo, mapuroteni asina kugaya anogona kukonzera kuwanda kwezvirwere zvinokanganisa uye kuwedzera dambudziko remanyoka mushure mekurumurwa. Betaine ine pKa yakaderera ye1.8, izvo zvinotungamira mukupatsanurwa kwe betaine HCl mushure mekumedzwa, zvichikonzera acidification yemudumbu.
Kuwedzerwa kweacid kwenguva pfupi uku kwakaonekwa muongororo yekutanga muvanhu uye muongororo mumbwa. Mushure mekupiwa dosi imwe chete ye750 mg kana 1,500 mg ye betaine hydrochloride, pH yedumbu rembwa dzakamborapwa nemishonga inoderedza acid yemudumbu yakaderera zvakanyanya kubva pa7 kusvika pa2 pH. Zvisinei, mumbwa dzisina kurapwa, pH yedumbu yaive pa2, izvo zvaisaenderana nekuwedzera betaine HCl.
Betaine ine simba rakanaka pahutano hwematumbu enguruve dzakarumurwa. Ongororo iyi yemabhuku inoratidza mikana yakasiyana-siyana yebetaine yekutsigira kugaya uye kupinza zvinovaka muviri, kuvandudza zvidziviriro zvemuviri, kupesvedzera microbiota, uye kusimudzira kugona kwekudzivirira kwenguruve.