Betaine musanganiswa unongoitika pachisikigo wakagoverwa zvakanyanya muzvirimwa nemhuka. Sekuwedzera kwekudya, inopihwa muanhydrous kana hydrochloride fomu. Inogona kuwedzerwa kune zvekudya zvemhuka nekuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana.
Chokutanga pane zvose, zvinangwa izvi zvingave zvakabatana neiyo inobatsira zvikuru methyl donor kukwanisa kwe betaine, iyo inonyanya kuitika muchiropa.Nekuda kwekuendeswa kwemapoka e-methyl asina kugadzikana, kusanganiswa kwemishonga yakasiyana-siyana yakadai semethionine, carnitine uye creatine inokurudzirwa.Nenzira iyi, betaine inokanganisa mapuroteni, lipid uye simba metabolism, nokudaro inobatsira kuchinja kuumbwa kwemotokari.
Chechipiri, chinangwa chekuwedzera betaine muchikafu chinogona kunge chakabatana nebasa rayo sechidziviriro chepententant.Mubasa iri, betaine inobatsira masero mumuviri wose kuchengetedza kuenzanisa kwemvura uye kushandiswa kwesero, kunyanya panguva dzekutambudzika.
Munguruve, zvakasiyana-siyana zvinobatsira zve betaine supplementation zvakatsanangurwa.Chinyorwa ichi chichatarisa basa re betaine sekuwedzera kwekudya muhutano hwematumbo enguruve dzakarumurwa.
Tsvakurudzo dzinoverengeka dzebetaine dzakashuma kushanda kwekudya kwezvokudya muileamu kana kuti chidimbu chekudya chenguruve.Kudzokororwa kudzokororwa kwekuwedzera kweleal digestibility yefiber (crude fiber kana neutral uye acid detergent fiber) inoratidza kuti betaine inokurudzira kuviriswa kwebhakitiriya inenge iripo mumukati muduku, nokuti haisi kubudisa enzyme yemiti yemiti yefiber. zvinovaka muviri, izvo zvinogona kuburitswa panguva yekuparara kweiyo microbial fiber.
Nokudaro, kuvandudzwa kwakaoma uye crude ash digestibility yakaonekwawo.Pachikamu chese chekudya, zvakataurwa kuti nguruve dzakawedzerwa ne 800 mg betaine / kg kudya kwakavandudza mapuroteni asina kuchena (+ 6.4%) uye yakaoma (+ 4.2%) digestibility.Mukuwedzera, chidzidzo chakasiyana chakaratidza kuti kuburikidza nekuwedzera, mgkg / tigetaine yehuwandu hwe1,25 ye digestibility ye 1,25 ye 1. crude protein (+ 3.7%) uye ether extract (+ 6.7%) yakagadziridzwa.
Chimwe chingaita chikonzero chekuonekwa kwekuwedzera kwekudya kwekudya ndiko kuitika kwe betaine pakugadzirwa kwe enzyme.Muchidzidzo chechangobva kuitika mu vivo pamusoro pekuwedzerwa kwe betaine kune nguruve dzakarumurwa, basa rekudya kwema enzymes (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin uye chymotrypsin) muchyme yakaongororwa (Figure yose ye enzymes yakawedzera, maltase yakawedzera). betaine yainyanya kutaurwa pa 2,500 mg betaine / kg feed pane 1,250 mg / kg. Kuwedzera kwebasa kunogona kuva mugumisiro wekuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwe enzyme, kana kuti inogona kuva mugumisiro wekuwedzera kwekugadzirisa kwekuita kwe enzyme.
Mufananidzo 1-Intestinal digestive enzyme basa renguruve rinowedzerwa ne 0 mg / kg, 1,250 mg / kg kana 2,500 mg / kg betaine.
In in vitro experiments, yakaratidza kuti nekuwedzera NaCl kuti ibudise high osmotic pressure, trypsin uye amylase mabasa akadziviswa.Kuwedzera mazinga akasiyana-siyana e betaine kumuedzo uyu kwakadzorera inhibitory effect yeNaCl uye yakawedzera basa re enzyme.Zvisinei, apo NaCl isingawedzerwi kune mhinduro yebuffer, betaine haigadziri muhutano hwepamusoro, asi inoratidzira enzyme yepamusoro pane imwe enzyme.
Kwete chete kuwedzera kwekudya kunogona kutsanangura kuwedzera kwakataurwa mukukura kwekuita uye kushanduka kwekudya kwenguruve kunowedzera nekudya betaine.Kuwedzera betaine kune kudya kwenguruve kunoderedzawo kuchengetedza kwemhuka kwesimba zvinodiwa.The hypothesis yeichi chiitiko chakaonekwa ndechokuti apo betaine inogona kushandiswa kuchengetedza intracellular osmotic pressure, kudiwa kwemapombi eion kunoderedzwa, iyo inoderedza simba rekugadzirisa simba, iyo inotora simba rekugadzirisa simba. betaine inotarisirwa kuve yakanyanya kutaurwa nekuwedzera simba rekupa kukura kwete kugadzirisa.
Masero epithelial anokonzera rusvingo rwemukati anofanirwa kutarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana eosmotic anokonzerwa nemagetsi emukati panguva yekudya kwekudya. Panguva imwecheteyo, masero aya emukati anofanira kudzora kuchinjana kwemvura uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvinovaka muviri pakati pemukumbo lumen uye plasma.Kuitira kuchengetedza masero kubva mumamiriro ezvinhu aya akaoma, betaine organic peteineti inokosha inokosha. matissue, zvinyorwa zve betaine mumatumbo emudumbu zvakanyanya.Mukuwedzera, zvakaonekwa kuti mazinga aya anokonzerwa nekudya kwebetaine concentration.Masero akanyatsogadzikana achave nekuwedzera kuri nani uye kukwanisa kupora zviri nani.Naizvozvo, vatsvakurudzi vakawana kuti kuwedzera kwebetaine yenguruve kunowedzera urefu hwe duodenal villi uye kudzika kweiyoal uye villi crypts.
Mune imwe tsvakurudzo, kuwedzera kwehurefu hwe villi mu duodenum, jejunum, uye ileum inogona kuonekwa, asi pakanga pasina kukanganisa pakadzika kwema crypts.Sezvakaonekwa muhuku dzebroiler dzakabatwa necoccidia, kudzivirirwa kwebetaine pakugadzirwa kwematumbo kunogona kunge kwakatonyanya kukosha kune mamwe matambudziko (osmotic).
Iyo intestinal barriers inonyanya kuumbwa nemasero epithelial, ayo akabatanidzwa kune rimwe nerimwe nemapuroteni akaoma.Kutendeseka kwechipingamupinyi ichi kwakakosha kudzivirira kupinda kwezvinhu zvinokuvadza uye mabhakitiriya epathogenic, izvo zvingaita kuti zviitike.
Kuti uenzanise kukanganisa kwechipingamupinyi chekuita, in vitro miedzo yemitsara yesero inowanzoshandiswa kuyera transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) .Nekushandiswa kwebetaine, TEER yakavandudzwa inogona kuonekwa muongororo dzakawanda dzein vitro.Apo bhatiri rinoratidzwa kukushisa kwepamusoro (42 ° C), TEER ichaderera (Mufananidzo 2) Kuwedzerwa kwepakati pezvikamu zvebetaine kuderera, kuderera kwemasero ekupisa aya kuderera. zvichiratidza kuwedzera kupisa kwekudzivirira.
Mufananidzo 2-In vitro mhedzisiro yekupisa kwakanyanya uye betaine pane cell transepithelial resistance (TEER).
Mukuwedzera, mune in vivo yekudzidza munguruve, kuwedzera kwekutaura kwemapuroteni akaoma (occludin, claudin1, uye zonula occludens-1) mujejunum tissue yemhuka yakagamuchira 1,250 mg / kg betaine yakayerwa ichienzaniswa neboka rekutonga. Uyezve, sechiratidzo chemukati mucosal kukuvara, iyo diamineic plasma yakaderedzwa zvakanyanya, iyo diamine oxidic plasma yakaderedzwa zvakanyanya. akasimba intestinal chipingamupinyi.Apo betaine yakawedzerwa pakudya kwekukura-kupedza nguruve, kuwedzera kwe intestinal tensile simba yakayerwa panguva yekuuraya.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakabatanidza betaine kune antioxidant system uye yakatsanangura kuderedzwa kwemahara radicals, kuderedzwa kwemazinga emalondialdehyde (MDA), uye yakagadziridzwa glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) basa.
Betaine haisi kungoshanda se osmoprotectant mumhuka.Mukuwedzera, mabhakitiriya akawanda anogona kuunganidza betaine kuburikidza ne de novo synthesis kana kutakura kubva kune zvakatipoteredza.Pane zviratidzo zvekuti betaine inogona kuva nemigumisiro yakanaka pahuwandu hwehutachiona hwehutachiwana hwenguruve dzakarumurwa.Iyo yose nhamba yeleal bacteria, kunyanya yakaderera bictobacilli. Enterobacter yakawanikwa mutsvina.
Pakupedzisira, zvinoonekwa kuti chibereko chebetaine pahutano hwematumbo enguruve dzakarumurwa ndiko kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwemanyoka.Ichi chiitiko chinogona kunge chinoenderana nedose: chikafu chekudya 2,500 mg / kg betaine chinoshanda kupfuura 1,250 mg / kg betaine mukuderedza chiyero chekuora.Zvisinei, mamwe mazinga ekutsvakurudza akaratidzwa pane mamwe maitiro ekutsvakurudza akafanana. kana 800 mg/kg ye betaine yawedzerwa, chiyero uye chiitiko chemanyoka munguruve dzakarumurwa yakaderera.
Betaine ine yakaderera pKa kukosha inosvika 1.8, izvo zvinotungamira mukuparadzaniswa kwebetaine HCl mushure mekudya, zvichiita kuti gastric acidification.
Chikafu chinonakidza ndicho chinogona kuita acidification ye betaine hydrochloride sechitubu che betaine.Mumushonga wevanhu, betaine HCl supplements inowanzoshandiswa pamwe chete nepepsin kutsigira vanhu vane matambudziko emudumbu uye matambudziko ekugaya.Munyaya iyi, betaine hydrochloride inogona kushandiswa senzvimbo yakachengeteka yehydrochloric acid.Kunyangwe pasina ruzivo pamusoro peiyo pfuma, pigdeine hydrochlorigde inogona kunge iine hydrochlorigde pfuma iyi. zvakakosha.
Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti pH yegastric juice yenguruve yakarumurwa inogona kunge yakakwira (pH> 4), iyo inokanganisa kushandiswa kwepepsin precursor kune precursor yayo pepsinogen.Optimal protein digestion haikoshi chete kuti mhuka dziwane kuwanikwa kwakanaka kwechikafu ichi.Mukuwedzera, indigestion protein inogona kukonzera kukuvadza kweprolifeaning ye postunistic problem ye opport- opport. diarrhea.Betaine ine pKa yakakosha inenge 1.8, iyo inotungamirira pakuparadzaniswa kwebetaine HCl mushure mekudya, zvichiita kuti gastric acidification.
Iyi yenguva pfupi reacidification yakaonekwa mukutanga kudzidza muvanhu uye zvidzidzo mumbwa.Mushure meyero imwe chete ye750 mg kana 1,500 mg ye betaine hydrochloride, pH yemudumbu wembwa yakambobatwa negastric acid kuderedza vamiririri yakadonha zvakanyanya kubva munenge 7 kusvika pH 2.Zvisinei, mukusagadziriswa kweiyo pHtaine imbwa yakanga isingabatanidzi imbwa. HCl kuwedzera.
Betaine ine simba rakanaka pahutano hwematumbo enguruve dzakarumurwa.Ichi chinyorwa chekuongorora chinoratidza mikana yakasiyana-siyana ye betaine kutsigira kudya kwekudya uye kutora, kunatsiridza zvipingamupinyi zvekudzivirira muviri, kukanganisa microbiota, uye kuwedzera masimba ekudzivirira enguruve.