Pfupiso

Kufambira mberi kukuru kwekutsvaga makabhohaidhiretsi mukudya kwenguruve nehutano ndiko kupatsanurwa kwakajeka kwemakabhohaidhiretsi, izvo zvisingabvi pachimiro chayo chete, asiwo zvichibva pahunhu hwayo hwemuviri. Pamusoro pekuve sosi huru yesimba, mhando dzakasiyana dzemakabhohaidhiretsi dzinobatsira pakudya uye mabasa ehutano enguruve. Dzinobatanidzwa mukusimudzira mashandiro ekukura uye mashandiro emudumbu enguruve, kudzora nharaunda yehutachiona hwemudumbu, uye kudzora metabolism yemafuta neglucose. Maitiro ekutanga emakabhohaidhiretsi ari kuburikidza nemametabolites ayo (short chain fatty acids [SCFAs]) uye kunyanya kuburikidza ne scfas-gpr43 / 41-pyy / GLP1, SCFAs amp / atp-ampk uye scfas-ampk-g6pase / PEPCK nzira dzekugadzirisa metabolism yemafuta neglucose. Zvidzidzo zvitsva zvakaongorora musanganiswa wakakodzera wemhando dzakasiyana dzemakabhohaidhiretsi, izvo zvinogona kuvandudza mashandiro ekukura uye kugaya zvinovaka muviri, kukurudzira mashandiro emudumbu, uye kuwedzera huwandu hwemabhakitiriya anogadzira butyrate munguruve. Zvese, humbowo hunogutsa hunotsigira maonero ekuti makabhohaidhiretsi anoita basa rakakosha mumabasa ehutano uye ehutano enguruve. Pamusoro pezvo, kusarudzwa kwehuwandu hwemakabhohaidhiretsi kuchava nepfungwa uye kukosha kwekushanda kwekuvandudza tekinoroji yekuenzanisa makabhohaidhiretsi munguruve.

1. Nhanganyaya

Macarbohydrate ePolymeric, starch uye non starch polysaccharides (NSP) ndiwo manyuko makuru ekudya uye ndiwo manyuko makuru esimba renguruve, zvichiita 60% - 70% yesimba rose rinodyiwa (Bach Knudsen). Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mhando uye chimiro chemacarbohydrate zvakaoma kwazvo, izvo zvine mhedzisiro yakasiyana panguruve. Zvidzidzo zvekare zvakaratidza kuti kudya nestarch neamylose yakasiyana neamylose (AM / AP) ratio kune mhinduro yakajeka yemuviri kune kukura kwenguruve (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). Dietary fiber, inonyanya kuumbwa neNSP, inofungidzirwa kuti inoderedza kushandiswa kwezvinovaka muviri uye kukosha kwesimba remhuka imwe chete mudumbu (NOBLET na le, 2001). Zvisinei, kudya nefiber hakuna kukanganisa kukura kwenguruve (Han & Lee, 2005). Humbowo hwakawanda hunoratidza kuti fiber yekudya inovandudza mafambiro emudumbu uye mashandiro ekudzivirira nguruve, uye inoderedza kuwanda kwemanyoka (Chen et al., 2015; Lndberg, 2014 ； Wu et al., 2018). Nokudaro, zvakakosha kudzidza mashandisiro anoitwa makabhohaidhiretsi akaomarara mukudya, kunyanya chikafu chakapfuma mufiber. Hunhu hwemagadzirirwo uye hwetaxonomic hwemakabhohaidhiretsi uye mashandiro avo ehutano uye ehutano hwenguruve zvinofanirwa kutsanangurwa uye kufungwa nezvazvo mumafomu ekudyisa. NSP uye starch isingagayike (RS) ndiwo makabhohaidhiretsi makuru asingagayike (wey et al., 2011), nepo microbiota yemudumbu ichivirisa makabhohaidhiretsi asingagayike kuita mashort chain fatty acids (SCFAs); Turnbaugh et al., 2006). Pamusoro pezvo, mamwe maoligosaccharides nemapolysaccharides anoonekwa semaprobiotic emhuka, ayo anogona kushandiswa kukurudzira huwandu hweLactobacillus neBifidobacterium muura (Mikkelsen et al., 2004; Mø LBAK et al., 2007; Wellock et al., 2008). Kuwedzera kweOligosaccharide kwakataurwa kuti kunovandudza kuumbwa kwemicrobiota yemudumbu (de Lange et al., 2010). Kuti kuderedze kushandiswa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya mukugadzira nguruve, zvakakosha kutsvaga dzimwe nzira dzekuwana hutano hwakanaka hwemhuka. Pane mukana wekuwedzera mhando dzakasiyana dzemakabhohaidhiretsi muchikafu chenguruve. Humbowo hwakawanda hunoratidza kuti kusanganiswa kwakakodzera kwestarch, NSP neMOS kunogona kukurudzira kushanda kwekukura uye kugaya zvinovaka muviri, kuwedzera huwandu hwebhakitiriya rinogadzira butyrate, uye kuvandudza metabolism yemafuta enguruve dzakarumurwa kusvika pamwero wakati (Zhou, Chen, et al., 2020; Zhou, Yu, et al., 2020). Saka, chinangwa chepepa rino ndechekuongorora tsvakiridzo iripo pamusoro pebasa guru remakabhohaidhiretsi mukusimudzira mashandiro ekukura uye mashandiro emudumbu, kudzora nharaunda yehutachiona hwemudumbu uye hutano hwemetabolism, uye kuongorora musanganiswa wemakabhohaidhiretsi enguruve.

2. Kupatsanurwa kwemakabhohaidhiretsi

Makabhohaidhiretsi ekudya anogona kuiswa muzvikamu zvichienderana nehukuru hwawo hwemamorekuru, dhigirii repolymerization (DP), rudzi rwekubatana (a kana b) uye kuumbwa kwemamonomer ega ega (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kupatsanurwa kukuru kwemakabhohaidhiretsi kwakavakirwa paDP yavo, senge monosaccharides kana disaccharides (DP, 1-2), oligosaccharides (DP, 3-9) uye polysaccharides (DP, ≥ 10), ayo anoumbwa nestarch, NSP uye glycosidic bonds (Cummings, Stephen, 2007; Englyst et aL., 2007; Tafura 1). Kuongorora makemikari kwakakosha kuti unzwisise mhedzisiro yemuviri uye yehutano hwemakabhohaidhiretsi. Nekuziva kwakazara kwemakemikari emakabhohaidhiretsi, zvinokwanisika kuaisa mumapoka zvichienderana nemhedzisiro yawo yehutano uye yemuviri uye kuaisa muhurongwa hwese hwekuisa muzvikamu (englyst et al., 2007). Makabhohaidhiretsi (monosaccharides, disaccharides, uye akawanda mastarch) anogona kugayiwa nema enzymes emumba uye kunyudzwa muura hudiki anotsanangurwa semakabhohaidhiretsi anogayiwa kana aripo (Cummings, Stephen, 2007). Makabhohaidhiretsi anoramba kugaya mudumbu, kana asina kunyudzwa zvakanaka uye akagayiwa, asi anogona kuderedzwa nekugadzirwa kwemakemikari anoonekwa semakabhohaidhiretsi anoramba, akadai seNSP yakawanda, oligosaccharides isingagayiwe uye RS. Chaizvoizvo, makabhohaidhiretsi anoramba kugaya anotsanangurwa seasingagayiwe kana kuti asingashandiswe, asi anopa tsananguro yakarurama yekupatsanurwa kwemakabhohaidhiretsi (englyst et al., 2007).

3.1 Kukura kwemabasa

Starch inoumbwa nemhando mbiri dzepolysaccharides. Amylose (AM) imhando ye starch ine linear α (1-4) dextran yakabatana, amylopectin (AP) i α (1-4) dextran yakabatana, ine inenge 5% dextran α (1-6) kuti igadzire branched molecule (tester et al., 2004). Nekuda kwemagadzirirwo akasiyana emamorekuru nemaumbirwo, AP rich starch dziri nyore kugaya, nepo am rich starch dzisiri nyore kugaya (Singh et al., 2010). Zvidzidzo zvekare zvakaratidza kuti kudya starch neAM / AP ratios dzakasiyana kune mhinduro huru kuhutano hwenguruve (Doti et al., 2014; Vicente et al., 2008). Kudya uye kushanda zvakanaka kwenguruve dzakarumurwa kwakadzikira nekuwedzera kweAM (regmi et al., 2011). Zvisinei, humbowo huri kubuda hunoti kudya kwakawanda kunowedzera avhareji yekuwedzera kwekudya kwezuva nezuva uye kushanda zvakanaka kwenguruve dziri kukura (Li et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2019). Pamusoro pezvo, vamwe masayendisiti vakataura kuti kudya kwe AM / AP ratios dzakasiyana dze starch hakuna kukanganisa kukura kwenguruve dzakarumurwa (Gao et al., 2020A; Yang et al., 2015), nepo kudya kwakawanda kwe AP kwakawedzera kugaya kwezvinovaka muviri kwenguruve dzakarumurwa (Gao et al., 2020A). Dietary fiber chikamu chidiki chechikafu chinobva mumiti. Dambudziko guru nderekuti fiber yakawanda yekudya inobatanidzwa nekushandiswa kwakaderera kwezvinovaka muviri uye kuderera kwesimba remagetsi (noble & Le, 2001). Kusiyana neizvi, kudya kwakadzika kwefiber hakuna kukanganisa kukura kwenguruve dzakarumurwa (Han & Lee, 2005; Zhang et al., 2013). Mhedzisiro yefiber yekudya pakushandiswa kwezvinovaka muviri uye simba remagetsi inokanganiswa nehunhu hwefiber, uye fiber dzakasiyana dzinogona kunge dzakasiyana kwazvo (lndber, 2014). Munguruve dzakarumurwa, kuwedzerwa nefiber yepizi kwaive nehuwandu hwekuchinja kwekudya kupfuura kudya faibha yechibage, faibha yesoya uye faibha yegorosi (Chen et al., 2014). Saizvozvowo, vana venguruve vakarumurwa vakarapwa nebran yechibage nebran yegorosi vakaratidza kushanda zvakanaka kwekudya uye kuwedzera huremu kupfuura avo vakarapwa nesoya (Zhao et al., 2018). Zvinofadza kuti, pakanga pasina musiyano mukukura pakati peboka refaibha yegorosi neboka re inulin (Hu et al., 2020). Pamusoro pezvo, zvichienzaniswa nevana venguruve vari muboka re cellulose neboka re xylan, kuwedzerwa kwacho kwaive kwakabudirira zvakanyanya β- Glucan inokanganisa kukura kwevana venguruve (Wu et al., 2018). Oligosaccharides makabhohaidhiretsi ane huremu hwakaderera, ari pakati peshuga ne polysaccharides (voragen, 1998). Ane hunhu hwakakosha hwemuviri uye hwemakemikari, kusanganisira kukosha kwakaderera kwemafuta uye kukurudzira kukura kwebhakitiriya inobatsira, saka anogona kushandiswa sema probiotics ekudya (Bauer et al., 2006; Mussatto na mancilha, 2007). Kuwedzera chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) kunogona kuvandudza kugayiwa kwezvinovaka muviri, kuderedza kuwanda kwemanyoka uye kuvandudza chimiro chemudumbu, nokudaro zvichivandudza kukura kwenguruve dzakarumurwa (Zhou et al., 2012). Pamusoro pezvo, kudya kwakawedzerwa ne cos kunogona kuvandudza kubereka kwenguruve dzehove (huwandu hwenguruve mhenyu) (Cheng et al., 2015; Wan et al., 2017) uye kukura kwenguruve dziri kukura (wontae et al., 2008). Kuwedzera MOS ne fructooligosaccharide kunogonawo kuvandudza kukura kwenguruve (Che et al., 2013; Duan et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2010; Wenner et al., 2013). Mishumo iyi inoratidza kuti makabhohaidhiretsi akasiyana-siyana ane mhedzisiro yakasiyana pakukura kwenguruve (tafura 2a).

3.2 mashandiro eura

Starch ine huwandu hwakanyanya hwe am/ap inogona kuvandudza hutano hwemudumbu (tribyrininogona kuidzivirira yenguruve) nekusimudzira mafambiro emudumbu uye kuwedzera mashandiro emudumbu ane chekuita nekugadzirwa kwemajini munguruve dziri kuyamwisa (Han et al., 2012; Xiang et al., 2011). Chiyero chehurefu hwevilli kusvika kuhurefu hwevilli uye kudzika kweiyoleum nejejunum kwaive kwakakwira kana ikadyiswa chikafu chakakwira, uye huwandu hwese hweapoptosis muura hudiki hwaive hwakaderera. Panguva imwe chete, yakawedzerawo kuratidzwa kwemajini anovhara muduodenum nejejunum, nepo muboka reAP rakakwirira, mabasa esucrose nemaltase mujejunum yenguruve dzakayamwisa akawedzera (Gao et al., 2020b). Saizvozvowo, basa rekare rakawana kuti kudya kwakapfuma kwakaderedza pH uye kudya kwakapfuma kweAP kwakawedzera huwandu hwese hwemabhakitiriya mucaecum yenguruve dzakayamwisa (Gao et al., 2020A). Dietary fiber ndiyo chinhu chakakosha chinokanganisa kukura kwemudumbu uye mashandiro enguruve. Humbowo hwakaunganidzwa hunoratidza kuti fiber yekudya inovandudza mafambiro emudumbu uye mashandiro ekudzivirira nguruve dzakarumurwa, uye inoderedza kuwanda kwemanyoka (Chen et al., 2015; Lndber，2014； Wu et al., 2018). Kushomeka kwefiber yekudya kunowedzera mukana wehutachiona uye kukanganisa mashandiro ekudzivirira colon mucosa (Desai et al., 2016), ukuwo kudya nefiber isinganyungudike zvakanyanya kunogona kudzivirira hutachiona nekuwedzera hurefu hwevilli munguruve (hedemann et al., 2006). Mhando dzakasiyana dzefiber dzine mhedzisiro yakasiyana pakushanda kwecolon neileum barrier. Wheat bran nepea fibers zvinowedzera mashandiro ekudzivirira dumbu nekudzora TLR2 gene expression uye kuvandudza nharaunda dzemabhakitiriya emudumbu zvichienzaniswa nefibers dzechibage nesoya (Chen et al., 2015). Kudya fiber yepea kwenguva refu kunogona kudzora metabolism ine chekuita ne gene kana protein expression, nokudaro zvichivandudza colon barrier uye immune system (Che et al., 2014). Inulin mukudya inogona kudzivirira kukanganiswa kwemudumbu munguruve dzakarumurwa nekuwedzera mukana wekupinda mudumbu (Awad et al., 2013). Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kusanganiswa kwefiber inonyunguduka (inulin) nefiber isinganyunguduke (cellulose) kunoshanda kupfuura kwega, izvo zvinogona kuvandudza kunyudzwa kwezvokudya uye basa rekudzivirira mudumbu munguruve dzakarumurwa (Chen et al., 2019). Mhedzisiro yefiber mudumbu remudumbu inoenderana nezvikamu zvavo. Ongororo yapfuura yakawana kuti xylan yakasimudzira basa rekudzivirira mudumbu, pamwe nekuchinja kwebhakitiriya uye metabolites, uye glucan yakasimudzira basa rekudzivirira mudumbu uye hutano hwemudumbu, asi kuwedzerwa kwecellulose hakuna kuratidza mhedzisiro yakafanana munguruve dzakarumurwa (Wu et al., 2018). Oligosaccharides inogona kushandiswa senzvimbo dzekabhoni dzezvipembenene mudumbu repamusoro pachinzvimbo chekugayiwa nekushandiswa. Kuwedzera fructose kunogona kuwedzera ukobvu hwemudumbu remudumbu, kugadzirwa kwebutyric acid, huwandu hwemasero anodzora uye kuwanda kwemasero eepithelial mudumbu remudumbu (Tsukahara et al., 2003). MaPectin oligosaccharides anogona kuvandudza mashandiro emudumbu uye kuderedza kukuvara kwemudumbu kunokonzerwa nerotavirus munguruve (Mao et al., 2017). Pamusoro pezvo, zvakaonekwa kuti cos inogona kukurudzira zvakanyanya kukura kwemucosa yemudumbu uye kuwedzera zvakanyanya kuratidzwa kwemajini anovhara munguruve (WAN, Jiang, et al. nenzira yakazara, izvi zvinoratidza kuti mhando dzakasiyana dzemakabhohaidhiretsi dzinogona kuvandudza mashandiro emudumbu enguruve (tafura 2b).

Pfupiso uye Tarisiro

Makabhohaidhiretsi ndiyo sosi huru yesimba renguruve, iyo inoumbwa nema monosaccharides akasiyana-siyana, disaccharides, oligosaccharides uye polysaccharides. Mashoko akavakirwa pahunhu hwemuviri anobatsira kutarisa pamabasa ehutano anogona kuitwa ema carbohydrates uye kuvandudza kururama kwekupatsanurwa kwema carbohydrates. Maumbirwo akasiyana uye marudzi ema carbohydrates ane mhedzisiro yakasiyana pakuchengetedza mashandiro ekukura, kukurudzira mashandiro emudumbu uye kuenzana kwehutachiona, uye kudzora metabolism yemafuta neglucose. Maitiro anogona kuitwa ekudzora metabolism yemafuta neglucose akavakirwa pama metabolites avo (SCFAs), ayo anoviriswa ne microbiota yemudumbu. Kunyanya, makabhohaidhiretsi mukudya anogona kudzora metabolism yeglucose kuburikidza ne scfas-gpr43 / 41-glp1 / PYY uye ampk-g6pase / PEPCK pathways, uye kudzora metabolism yemafuta kuburikidza ne scfas-gpr43 / 41 uye amp / atp-ampk pathways. Pamusoro pezvo, kana mhando dzakasiyana dzemakabhohaidhiretsi dziri musanganiswa wakanakisa, mashandiro ekukura uye mashandiro ehutano enguruve anogona kuvandudzwa.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mabasa anogona kuitwa nemakabhohaidhiretsi mukugadzirwa kwemapuroteni nemajini uye mukugadzirisa mashandiro emuviri achaonekwa nekushandisa nzira dzepamusoro dzekuongorora mapuroteni, majini uye metabonomics. Chekupedzisira asi chisiri chidiki, kuongororwa kwemusanganiswa wakasiyana wemakabhohaidhiretsi chinhu chinodiwa pakudzidza kudya kwakasiyana-siyana kwemakabhohaidhiretsi mukugadzirwa kwenguruve.

Chitubu: Chinyorwa cheSainzi yeMhuka