Betaine ine simba rakanaka paura hwenguruve dzakarumurwa, asi inowanzo kanganwika kana tichifunga nezvekuwedzera zvinogoneka kuti titsigire hutano hweura kana kuderedza matambudziko ane chekuita nekurumurwa kwemanyoka. Kuwedzera betaine sechikafu chinoshanda chekudyisa mhuka kunogona kukanganisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana.
Chekutanga, betaine ine simba guru rekupa boka remethyl, kunyanya muchiropa chemhuka. Nekuda kwekutamiswa kwemapoka emethyl asina kugadzikana, kugadzirwa kwemakemikari akasiyana-siyana akadai semethionine, carnitine uye creatine kunowedzerwa. Saka, betaine inokanganisa protein, lipid uye simba metabolism yemhuka, nokudaro ichichinja zvakanaka chimiro chemutumbi.
Chechipiri, betaine inogona kuwedzerwa mukudya senzira yekudzivirira organic penetrant. Betaine inoshanda se osmoprotectorant, ichibatsira masero mumuviri wese kuchengetedza kuenzana kwemvura uye kushanda kwemasero, kunyanya panguva yekushushikana. Muenzaniso unozivikanwa ndewekubatsira kwe betaine pamhuka dzinotambura nekushushikana nekupisa.
Zvakanakira zvakasiyana-siyana pakushanda kwemhuka zvakatsanangurwa semhedzisiro yekuwedzera betaine muchimiro cheanhydrous kana hydrochloride. Chinyorwa chino chichatarisa mikana yakawanda yekushandisa betaine sechikafu chekuwedzera kuchengetedza hutano hwedumbu munguruve dzakarumurwa.
Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zve betaine zvakashuma mhedzisiro ye betaine pakugayiwa kwezvinovaka muviri mu ileum nemudumbu renguruve. Kuongororwa kwakawanda kwekuwedzera kwekugayiwa kwe fiber mu ileum (fiber isina kuchena kana neutral uye acid detergent fiber) kunoratidza kuti betaine inokurudzira kuviriswa kwebhakitiriya muura hudiki nekuti enterocytes hadziburitse ma enzymes anoparadza fiber. Zvikamu zvezvirimwa zvine fibrous zvine zvinovaka muviri zvinogona kuburitswa kana fiber dze microbial dzaora. Saka, kuvandudzika mukugayiwa kwe dry matter ne crude ash kwakaonekwawo. Padanho remudumbu mese, vana venguruve vakadyiswa chikafu che 800 mg betaine/kg vakaratidza kuvandudzwa kwekugayiwa kwe crude protein (+6.4%) uye dry matter (+4.2%). Uyezve, imwe ongororo yakawana kuti crude protein (+3.7%) uye ether extract (+6.7%) zvakavandudzwa ne betaine supplementation pa 1250 mg/kg.
Chimwe chikonzero chingangove chekuwedzera kwekunwa kwezvinovaka muviri kwakaonekwa imhedzisiro ye betaine pakugadzirwa kwema enzyme. Ongororo ichangobva kuitwa mu vivo pamusoro pemhedzisiro yekuwedzera betaine munguruve dzakarumurwa yakaongorora mashandiro ema enzymes ekugaya (amylase, maltase, lipase, trypsin uye chymotrypsin) mu digesta (Mufananidzo 1). Kushanda kwema enzymes ese kwakawedzera, kunze kwemaltase, uye mhedzisiro ye betaine yakanyanya kuoneka pachiyero che 2500 mg betaine/kg feed pane pachiyero che 1250 mg/kg feed. Kuwedzera kwebasa kunogona kukonzerwa nekuwedzera kugadzirwa kwema enzymes, asi kunogonawo kukonzerwa nekuwedzera kushanda kwema enzymes e catalytic. Kuedza kwe in vitro kwakaratidza kuti mabasa e trypsin ne amylase anodziviswa nekugadzira high osmotic pressure kuburikidza nekuwedzera NaCl. Mukuyedza uku, kuwedzerwa kwe betaine pahuwandu hwakasiyana kwakadzorera mhedzisiro yekudzivirira yeNaCl uye kwakavandudza mashandiro ema enzyme. Zvisinei, apo pasina sodium chloride yakawedzerwa mu buffer solution, betaine inclusion complex haina kukanganisa mashandiro e enzyme pahuwandu hwakaderera, asi yakaratidza mhedzisiro yekudzivirira pahuwandu hwakanyanya.
Kukura kuri nani uye mwero wekuchinja kwekudya kwakaonekwa munguruve dzakapihwa betaine yekudya, pamwe nekuvandudzwa kwekugayiwa kwenyama. Kuwedzera betaine mukudya kwenguruve kunoderedzawo simba rinodiwa nemhuka. Fungidziro yemhedzisiro iyi inoonekwa ndeyekuti kana betaine iripo kuchengetedza kumanikidzwa kwe osmotic mukati memasero, kudiwa kwemapombi eion (maitiro anoda simba) kunoderedzwa. Saka, mumamiriro ezvinhu apo simba rinodyiwa rishoma, simba rekuwedzera betaine rinotarisirwa kukura nekuwedzera kukura kwete nekuchengetedza simba rinodiwa.
Masero eEpithelial emadziro emudumbu anofanira kurarama nemamiriro ezvinhu anoshanduka-shanduka e osmotic anokonzerwa nezviri mukati memudumbu panguva yekugayiwa kwezvinovaka muviri. Panguva imwe chete, aya masero eepithelial emudumbu akakosha pakudzora kuchinjana kwemvura nezvinovaka muviri zvakasiyana-siyana pakati pemudumbu neplasma. Kuti udzivirire masero kubva mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma aya, betaine chinhu chakakosha chinopinda mumuviri. Kana ukatarisa huwandu hwe betaine mumatishu akasiyana-siyana, unogona kuona kuti matishu emudumbu ane huwandu hwakanyanya hwe betaine. Pamusoro pezvo, zvakacherechedzwa kuti mazinga aya anogona kukanganiswa nehuwandu hwe betaine mune zvekudya. Masero akaenzana zvakanaka achava nekugona kuri nani kubereka uye kugadzikana kwakanaka. Mukupfupisa, vaongorori vakaona kuti kuwedzera huwandu hwe betaine munguruve kwakawedzera kukwirira kwe duodenal villi uye kudzika kwe ileal crypts, uye villi yakava yakafanana zvakanyanya.
Mune imwe ongororo, kuwedzera kwehurefu hwevillous pasina kukanganisa kudzika kwecrypt kunogona kuonekwa mu duodenum, jejunum, uye ileum. Kudzivirira kwe betaine pachimiro chemudumbu kunogona kuve kwakakosha muzvirwere zve osmotic, sezvakaonekwa muhuku dze broiler dzine coccidia.
Chidziviriro chemudumbu chinonyanya kuumbwa nemasero epithelial akabatana kuburikidza nemapuroteni akamanikana. Kusimba kwechidziviriro ichi kwakakosha kudzivirira kupinda kwezvinhu zvinokuvadza uye mabhakitiriya anokonzera kuzvimba. Munguruve, migumisiro yakaipa pamudziviriro wemudumbu inofungidzirwa kuti inokonzerwa nekusvibiswa kwechikafu ne mycotoxins kana imwe yemigumisiro yakaipa yekushushikana nekupisa.
Kuti vaone mhedzisiro pamhedzisiro yekudzivirira, masero anowanzo ongororwa mu vitro nekuyera transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Kuvandudzika muTEER kwakaonekwa mukuyedza kwakawanda mu vitro nekuda kwekushandiswa kwe betaine. TEER inoderera kana masero akasangana nekupisa kwakanyanya (42°C) (Mufananidzo 2). Kuwedzera betaine panzvimbo yekukura kwemasero aya anopisa kwakadzivirira kudzikira kweTEER, zvichiratidza kuwedzera kwekusashivirira kwekupisa. Pamusoro pezvo, zvidzidzo mu vivo munguruve dzakachekwa zvakaratidza kuwedzera kwekutaura kwemapuroteni e tight junction (occludin, claudin1 uye zonula occlusions-1) mujejunal tissue yemhuka dzinogamuchira betaine pachiyero che1250 mg/kg zvichienzaniswa neboka rekutonga. Pamusoro pezvo, diamine oxidase activity, chiratidzo chekukuvadzwa kwemucosal yemudumbu, yakaderedzwa zvakanyanya muplasma yenguruve idzi, zvichiratidza kudzivirirwa kwakasimba kwemudumbu. betaine payakawedzerwa pakudya kwenguruve dzakapedza, kuwedzera kwesimba rekusunga mudumbu kwakayerwa pakuurayiwa.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, zvidzidzo zvakawanda zvakabatanidza betaine ne antioxidant system uye zvakatsanangura kudzikira kwema free radicals, kudzikira kwemazinga emalondialdehyde (MDA), uye kuwedzera kwe glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Ongororo ichangobva kuitwa mumakwayana enguruve yakaratidza kuti kushanda kweGSH-Px mujejunum kwakawedzera, nepo betaine yekudya isina kukanganisa MDA.
Betaine haingoshandi semushonga wekudzivirira mhuka chete, asi mabhakitiriya akasiyana-siyana anogona kuunganidza betaine kuburikidza nekugadzirwa kwedevo kana kutakurwa kubva kunharaunda. Pane humbowo hwekuti betaine inogona kuva nemigumisiro yakanaka pamaruva ebhakitiriya ari mudumbu renguruve dzakarumurwa. Huwandu hwemabhakitiriya ese eial hwakawedzera, kunyanya bifidobacteria nelactobacilli. Pamusoro pezvo, huwandu hwakaderera hweEnterobacteriaceae hwakaonekwa mutsvina.
Mhedzisiro yekupedzisira yakaonekwa ye betaine pahutano hwematumbu munguruve dzakarumurwa yaive kudzikira kwehuwandu hwemanyoka. Mhedzisiro iyi inogona kutsamira pachiyero: kuwedzera betaine muzvokudya pachiyero che2500 mg/kg kwaive kwakabudirira mukuderedza kuwanda kwemanyoka pane betaine pachiyero che1250 mg/kg. Zvisinei, kushanda kwenguruve dzakarumurwa kwaive kwakafanana pamatanho ese ekuwedzera. Vamwe vaongorori vakaratidza mwero wakaderera wemanyoka uye kurwara munguruve dzakarumurwa padzakawedzerwa 800 mg/kg betaine.
Zvinofadza kuti betaine hydrochloride inogona kukonzera acidity senzvimbo ye betaine. Mukurapa, betaine hydrochloride supplements inowanzo shandiswa pamwe chete nepepsin kubatsira vanhu vane matambudziko emudumbu nekugaya chikafu. Muchiitiko ichi, betaine hydrochloride inoshanda senzvimbo yakachengeteka yehydrochloric acid. Kunyangwe pasina ruzivo rwuripo nezvehunhu uhwu kana betaine hydrochloride yaiswa muchikafu chenguruve, zvingave zvakakosha. Zvinozivikanwa kuti munguruve dzakarumurwa, pH yemudumbu inogona kunge yakakwira (pH > 4), nokudaro ichikanganisa kushanda kwe enzyme inoparadza pepsin protein mu precursor pepsinogen. Kugaya mapuroteni kwakakodzera kwakakosha kwete chete kuti mhuka dzigone kushandisa zvizere chikafu ichi. Pamusoro pezvo, mapuroteni asina kugayiwa zvakanaka anogona kutungamira mukuwanda kwezvirwere zvinokanganisa uye kuwedzera dambudziko remanyoka mushure mekurumurwa. Betaine ine pKa yakaderera yeinenge 1.8, izvo zvinoita kuti betaine hydrochloride iparare kana yadyiwa, zvichikonzera acidification yemudumbu. Kugayazve kweacid kwenguva pfupi uku kwakaonekwa muzvidzidzo zvekutanga zvevanhu uye muzvidzidzo zvembwa. Imbwa dzakamborapwa nemishonga inoderedza acid dzakaona kudzikira kukuru kwe pH yemudumbu kubva pa pH 7 kusvika pa pH 2 mushure mekunwa mushonga mumwe chete we 750 mg kana 1500 mg ye betaine hydrochloride. Zvisinei, mumbwa dzine mushonga uyu dzisina kugamuchira mushonga uyu, pH yemudumbu yakaderera zvakanyanya. Inenge 2, zvisinei nekuti betaine HCl yakatorwa sei.
Betaine has a positive effect on the intestinal health of weaned piglets. This literature review highlights the various capabilities of betaine to support nutrient digestion and absorption, improve physical defense barriers, influence the microbiota and enhance defense in piglets. References available upon request, contact Lien Vande Maele, maele@orffa.com