I. Core Function Overview
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO·2H₂O) chinhu chakakosha zvikuru chekuwedzera kwekudya kwemvura mu aquaculture. Yakatanga kuwanikwa sechinhu chakakosha chekudyisa muhove. Nekudaro, nekutsvagisa kwakadzama, mabasa akakosha emuviri akaburitswa, zvichiita kuti ive chishandiso chakakosha chekuvandudza hutano nekukura kwemhuka dzemumvura.

II. Main Applications uye Mechanisms of Action

1. Kunokwezva Kudyisa
Iri ndiro rakanyanya uye rinozivikanwa basa reTMAO.

• Mechanism: Zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvemumvura, kunyanyahove dzegungwa,zvinogara zvine huwandu hwakanyanya hweTMAO, inova sosi yehunhu hwe "umami" hwekunakirwa kwehove dzemugungwa. Iyo olfactory uye kuravira masisitimu emhuka dzemumvura anonyanya kunzwa kune TMAO, achizviona se "chiratidzo chekudya".
• Mhedzisiro:
  • Kuwedzera Kwekudya Kwekudya: Kuwedzera TMAO kudyisa kunogona kukurudzira zvakanyanya kudya kwehove uye shrimp, kunyanya panguva dzekutanga nhanho dzekudya kana yemhando dzemhando, nekukurumidza kuvakwevera kuti vadye.
  • Yakaderedzwa Nguva Yekudya: Inopfupisa nguva yekudya inoramba iri mumvura, ichideredza kurasikirwa kwekudya uye kusvibiswa kwemvura.
  • Kushanda muAlternative Feeds: Kana mapuroteni ekudyara (semuenzaniso, soya bean meal) achishandiswa kutsiva hove, kuwedzera TMAO kunogona kubhadhara kushayikwa kwekunaka uye kunatsiridza kunaka kwekudya.

2. Osmolyte (Osmotic Pressure Regulator)
Iri ndiro rakakosha physiological basa reTMAO kuhove dzemugungwa uye diadromous fish.

• Mechanism: Mvura yegungwa inzvimbo ye hyperosmotic, zvichiita kuti mvura mukati memuviri wehove igare ichirasika mugungwa. Kuti uchengetedze chiyero chemukati memvura, hove dzemugungwa dzinonwa mvura yegungwa uye dzinounganidza huwandu hwakawanda hweiyo inorganic ion (semuenzaniso, Na⁺, Cl⁻). TMAO inoshanda se "compatible solute" iyo inogona kupikisa kukanganisa kwehuwandu hweion concentrations paprotein structure, zvichibatsira kudzikamisa intracellular protein function.
• Mhedzisiro:
  • Yakaderedzwa Osmoregulatory Energy Expenditure: Kuwedzera neTMAOinobatsira hove dzemugungwa kudzora kumanikidzwa kweosmotic zvakanyanya, nekudaro kutungamira simba rakawanda kubva "kuchengetedza hupenyu" kuenda ku "kukura nekubereka".
  • Kuvandudzwa Kwekushushikana Kutsungirira: Pasi pemamiriro ekushanduka kwemunyu kana kushushikana kwezvakatipoteredza, TMAO yekuwedzera inobatsira kuchengetedza organismal homeostasis uye kuvandudza mararamiro ekupona.

3. Mapuroteni Stabilizer
TMAO ine yakasarudzika kugona kuchengetedza matatu-dimensional chimiro chemapuroteni.

• Mechanism: Pasi pemamiriro ekunetseka (semuenzaniso, kupisa kwakanyanya, kupera mvura mumuviri, kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya), mapuroteni anowanzoita denaturation uye kusashanda. TMAO inogona kupindirana zvisina kunanga nemaprotein molecules, ichisarudzwa kunze kweprotein's hydration sphere, nekudaro thermodynamically kudzikamisa iyo yekuzvarwa yakapetwa mamiriro eprotein uye kudzivirira denaturation.
• Mhedzisiro:
  • Inodzivirira Hutano HweGut: Panguva yekugaya, ma enzymes emukati anoda kuramba achishanda. TMAO inogona kudzikamisa aya ma enzymes ekugaya, kuvandudza kudya kwekudya uye kushandiswa.
  • Inowedzera Kushungurudzika Kwepfungwa: Munguva yemwaka wepamusoro-tembiricha kana kutakura, apo mhuka dzemvura dzinotarisana nekupisa, TMAO inobatsira kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwemapuroteni akasiyana-siyana anoshanda (semuenzaniso, ma enzymes, mapuroteni emuumbi) mumuviri, kuderedza kushungurudzika-kukanganisa kukanganiswa.

4. Inovandudza Intestinal Health uye Morphology

• Mechanism: Iyo osmoregulatory uye protein-stabilizing mhedzisiro yeTMAO pamwe chete inopa yakagadzikana microenvironment yemasero emukati. Inogona kukurudzira kukura kwe intestinal villi, ichiwedzera nzvimbo inopinza.
• Mhedzisiro:
  • Inosimudzira Kunyura Kwekudya: Hutano hwematumbo morphology inoreva zvirinani kunyudza kudya kunovaka, izvo zvakakosha pakuvandudza reshiyo yekushandurwa kwekudya.
  • Inovandudza Intestinal Barrier Function: Inogona kubatsira kuchengetedza kuvimbika kwemukati mucosa, kuderedza kupinda kwehutachiona uye chepfu.

5. Methyl Donor
TMAO inogona kutora chikamu mune metabolism mukati memuviri, ichiita senge methyl donor.

• Mechanism: panguva yemetabolism,TMAO inogona kupa inoshanda methyl mapoka, kutora chikamu mune akasiyana akakosha biochemical reactions, senge synthesis ye phospholipids, creatine, uye neurotransmitters.
• Mhedzisiro: Inosimudzira kukura, kunyanya panguva dzekukurumidza kukura kwezvikamu uko kudiwa kwemapoka emethyl kunowedzera; TMAO yekuwedzera inogona kubatsira kuzadzisa ichi chinodiwa.

III. Zvinangwa zvekushandisa uye kufunga

• Zvinangwa zvekutanga zvekushandisa:
  • Hove dzeMarine: Senge turbot, grouper, hombe yero croaker, sea bass, nezvimwewo. Zvavanoda kuTMAO zvakanyanya kukosha nekuti basa rayo reosmoregulatory rinokosha.
  • Diadromous Hove: Zvakadai sesalmonids (salmon), izvo zvinodawo panguva yekurima mugungwa.
  • Crustaceans: Zvakadai semaprawn / shrimp uye crabs. Zvidzidzo zvakare zvinoratidza kuti TMAO ine yakanaka inokwezva uye inosimudzira-inosimudzira mhedzisiro.
  • Hove dzeMvura Yakachena: Kunyangwe hove dzemvura yakachena dzisingagadziri TMAO pachadzo, masisitimu adzo anonhuhwirira anogona achiri kuzviona, zvichiita kuti ishande sechinhu chinokwezva. Nekudaro, iyo osmoregulatory basa harisi kushanda mumvura yakachena.
• Dosage uye Zvinotarisirwa:
  • Chiyero: Chiyero chekuwedzera mukudya kazhinji 0.1% kusvika 0.3% (kureva, 1-3 kg patani yekudya). Iyo chaiyo dosi inofanira kutariswa zvichienderana nemiedzo inotarisisa mhando dzakasimwa, nhanho yekukura, kugadzirwa kwechikafu, uye mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza emvura.
  • Ukama neCholine uye Betaine: Choline uye betaine inotangira kuTMAO uye inogona kushandurwa kuita TMAO mumuviri. Nekudaro, ivo havagone kutsiva zvizere TMAO nekuda kwekushomeka kwekushandura uye TMAO yakasarudzika inokwezva uye mapuroteni-kudzikamisa mabasa. Mukuita, ivo vanowanzo shandiswa synergistically.
  • Nyaya dzekuwedzeredza: Kuwedzeredza kuwedzera (kure pamusoro pedosi inokurudzirwa) kunogona kutungamira mukuraswa kwemitengo uye kungave nemhedzisiro yakaipa pane mamwe marudzi, asi parizvino kunoonekwa kunge kwakachengeteka pamatanho akajairwa ekuwedzera.

IV. Summary
Trimethylamine N-oxide dihydrate (TMAO · 2H₂O) inoshanda zvakanyanya, yakawanda inoshanda yekuwedzera chikafu mu aquaculture inobatanidza mabasa ekudyisa kukwezva, osmotic pressure regulation, protein stabilization, uye intestinal hutano huri nani.

Chishandiso chayo hachingowedzera zvakananga huwandu hwekudya uye kukurumidza kwekukura kwemhuka dzemumvura asi zvakare nenzira isina kunanga inosimudzira kushandiswa kwechikafu uye hutano hwehupenyu nekudzikisa kushandiswa kwesimba remuviri uye kusimbisa kusagadzikana kusagadzikana. Pakupedzisira, inopa rutsigiro rwakasimba rwehunyanzvi mukuwedzera kugadzirwa, kunyatsoita, uye kusimudzira kwakasimba kweaquaculture. Muchikafu chemazuva ano chemumvura, kunyanya chikafu chehove dzemugungwa chepamusoro, chave chinhu chinonyanya kukosha.